For most of this series a mismatched cartridge means wasted money. For the big-bore family it can mean a case failure, which makes the routine below worth treating as mandatory rather than careful.
None of it needs special tools.
Start with the firearm's own markings
A revolver stamped for 454 bullet takes that round and not its longer relatives. A search for 500 jrh ammo should begin from a gun actually marked for the shortened .500 case; the BFR and the conversions built for it are stamped plainly.
Confirm conversion status before ordering a conversion round
Before buying .460 rowland, confirm the specific pistol has actually had the barrel, recoil spring and compensator work done. The platform name alone proves nothing.
Confirm the platform, not just the bore
.45 raptor belongs to AR-10-pattern rifles; 45 gap ammo belongs to a specific Glock frame; 44 amp belongs to the AutoMag pistol. In each case the question is which gun, not which diameter.
Distrust the word ‘bullet’ in a listing
Phrasings like 475 bullet and s&w 500 bullet describe loaded ammunition in most listings but reloading projectiles in some. Read the product description — a box of bullets is not a box of cartridges.
Measure when the stamp is worn
Antique revolvers chambered for 45 schofield ammo or 38-40 ammo sometimes carry an illegible caliber mark. A gunsmith can measure the chamber against published specifications, which is worth the visit before feeding a 150-year-old gun.
Confirm stock separately from confirming the cartridge
The Casull aside, most of this list restocks in small, infrequent batches. Verifying the correct name is half the job; checking a current listing is the other half.
This guide is general information, not a substitute for a qualified gunsmith's inspection of your specific firearm. Confirm current stock and your state's shipping requirements before ordering.